IV – Finally, after a year-long shutdown for upgrades, the beast will reawaken to run at 360 GeV for five years, producing a million top quarks and anti-top quarks. III – For three years, the FCC will run at 240 GeV and produce a million Higgs bosons. II – For the next two years, it will operate at 160 GeV and produce 100 million W bosons. the total energy carried by two particles colliding head-on) and produce 10 trillion Z bosons. I – For the first four years, it will operate with a centre-of-mass collision energy of 90 GeV (i.e. The FCC will be able to that as well as explore signs of ‘new physics’ at higher collision energies.Īccording to CERN’s conceptual design report, the FCC will have four phases over 15 years. According to Sudhir Raniwala, a physicist at the University of Rajasthan, the CEPC will be able to “search for rare processes and make precision measurements”. These differences lend themselves to different abilities. When composite particles like protons are smashed together, the collision energy is much higher but there’s too much background noise that interferes with observations. Because electrons and positrons are fundamental particles, their collisions are much cleaner. The FCC, the CEPC and the ILC all accelerate and collide electrons and positrons, whereas the LHC does the same with protons. This means generating collisions to produce millions of Higgs bosons – a feat that the LHC wasn’t designed for. Scientists believe that studying the Higgs boson closely could unravel these tensions and maybe expose some ‘new physics’. ‘The world may not be able to accommodate two circular colliders’ However, these attributes give rise to properties that are incompatible with the universe’s behaviour at the largest scales. This is because the energy field that the particle represents, called the Higgs field, pervades the entire universe and interacts with almost all fundamental particles. They are all focused on studying the Higgs boson more thoroughly as well. The FCC is expected to cost $15 billion, the CEPC $5 billion and the ILC, $6.2 billion. In fact, cost has been the principal criticism directed against these projects. As the name suggests, the ILC’s acceleration tunnel is a straight tube 30-50 km long, and parallels CERN’s own idea for a similar machine.īut in December, a council of scientists wrote to Japan’s science minister saying they opposed the ILC because of a lack of clarity on how Japan would share its costs with other participating nations. Also in November, Japan said it would announce the final decision on its support for the International Linear Collider (ILC) in a month. The FCC, CEPC and the LHC are all circular machines – whereas the other design is slightly different. In November 2018, China unveiled plans for its Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC), a particle accelerator seven-times wider than the LHC.Īlso read: China, Japan Prepare to Transform Asia Into Hub of Particle Physics Research The CERN report on what the FCC could look like comes at an interesting time – when two supercollider designs are being considered in Asia. It will also help study the Higgs boson in much greater detail than the LHC allows, in the process understand its underlying theory better. The FCC is expected to help by enabling a deeper and more precise examination of the world of particles. This forced physicists to confront alternative possibilities about where and how they could find these other hypothetical particles, or even if they existed. After that, physicists expected it would be able to find other particles they’ve been looking for to make sense of the universe. Its first primary goal was to look for the Higgs boson, a fundamental particle that gives all other fundamental particles their masses. CERN expects it can come online by 2040, when the Large Hadron Collider’s (LHC’s) final run will come to a close. The FCC is expected to be able to smash particles together at even higher intensities and push the boundaries of the study of elementary particles. The European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN) submitted the conceptual design report for what it is calling the Future Circular Collider (FCC). The world’s largest particle physics laboratory has unveiled its design options for the Large Hadron Collider’s successor – what is expected to be a 100-km long next generation ‘supercollider’.
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